Date: 2023-01-01

Creator: Isabel Stella Petropoulos

Access: Open access

A substantial factor for behavioral flexibility is modulation — largely via neuropeptides — which occurs at multiple sites including neurons, muscles, and the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Complex modulation distributed across multiple sites provides an interesting question: does modulation at multiple locations lead to greater dynamics than one receptor site alone? The cardiac neuromuscular system of the American lobster (Homarus americanus), driven by a central pattern generator called the cardiac ganglion (CG), is a model system for peptide modulation. The peptide myosuppressin (pQDLDHVFLRFamide) has been shown in the whole heart to decrease contraction frequency, largely due to its effects on the CG, as well as increase contraction amplitude by acting on periphery of the neuromuscular system, either at the cardiac muscle, the NMJ, or both. This set of experiments addresses the location(s) at which myosuppressin exerts its effects at the periphery. To elucidate myosuppressin’s effects on the cardiac muscle, the CG was removed, and muscle contractions were stimulated with L-glutamate while superfusing myosuppressin. Myosuppressin increased glutamate-evoked contraction amplitude in the isolated muscle, suggesting that myosuppressin exerts its peripheral effects directly on the cardiac muscle. To examine effects on the NMJ, excitatory junction potentials were evoked by stimulating of the motor nerve and intracellularly recording a single muscle fiber both in control saline and in the presence of myosuppressin. Myosuppressin did not modulate the amplitude of EJPs suggesting myosuppressin acts at the muscle and not at the NMJ, to cause an increase in contraction amplitude.

Date: 2025-01-01

Creator: Yasemin Altug

Access: Open access

In order to maintain circuit stability through environmental perturbations, such as increases in temperature, neural circuits are able to adjust their output via modulatory and ion channel regulation. For instance, peptide modulators enable the lobster cardiac neuromuscular system to sustain physiological function at temperatures that surpass the crash temperature of the organ in the absence of modulation. Crash temperature is defined as the temperature at which neural activity ceases. For a crash, this temperature induced loss of activity is recovered when temperature is returned within the permissible range. Thus, it is hypothesized that there are underlying physiological mechanisms employed by the nervous system that compensates for changes in temperature and provides stability within acute temperature fluctuations. Neuromodulatory mechanisms have been proposed as one hypothesis that provide this temperature compensation. In accordance with previously collected data (Lemus 2022), I hypothesized that myosuppressin, a crustacean neuropeptide, provides stability during acute temperature variations. Because myosuppressin acts on the cardiac neurons and muscles separately, we hypothesized that the myosuppressin-induced increase in heart contraction amplitude, and decrease in contraction period can offset each other to provide system stability as temperature is increased. To test whether or not myosuppressin stabilizes circuit output as temperature is increased, myosuppressin was applied to the lobster whole heart at 7ºC, 10ºC, 13ºC and 16ºC, for 20 minutes. Changes in cardiac output in response to temperature and modulation were assessed by measuring the contraction force, heart beat frequency, and minimum contraction force. Interestingly, and contrary to previous results, in this data set, the cardiac neuromuscular system was temperature compensated in saline alone (control), and was not temperature compensated when perfused with myosuppressin (10-6 M). These findings seemed to differ from Lemus’ data (2023), where the cardiac neuromuscular system was not temperature compensated in control conditions and became temperature compensated when perfused with myosuppressin. The seasons at which each data set was collected (June-August vs November-March) could underlie these observed discrepancies.

Date: 2020-01-01

Creator: Benjamin Harley Wong

Access: Open access

Neuropeptides are important modulators of neural activity, allowing neural networks, such as the central pattern generators (CPGs) that control rhythmic movements, to alter their output and thus generate behavioral flexibility. Isoforms of a neuropeptide family vary in physical structure, allowing potentially distinct functional neuromodulatory effects on CPG systems. While some familial neuropeptide isoforms can differentially affect a system, others in the same family may elicit indistinguishable effects. Here, we examined the effects elicited by members of a novel family of six peptide hormone isoforms (GSEFLamides: I-, M-, AL-, AM-, AV-, and VM-GSEFLamide) on the pyloric filter and gastric mill CPGs in the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) of the American lobster, Homarus americanus. Recent unpublished work from the Dickinson lab found that five of the six GSEFLamides elicited similar increases in contraction amplitude when perfused through the isolated lobster heart, while one (AVGSEFLamide) had virtually no effect. Using extracellular recordings, we found the pattern of GSEFLamide effects on the STNS gastric mill to be similar to the pattern observed in the lobster cardiac system; the gastric mill circuit was fairly consistently activated by all isoforms except AVGSEFLamide. The intrinsically active pyloric pattern was also significantly enhanced by three out of five peptide isoforms, and nearly significantly enhanced by two more, but was likewise non-responsive to AVGSEFLamide. While the reason AVGSEFLamide had no effect on either pattern is unknown, the similar phenomenon noted in the isolated whole heart potentially indicates that this isoform lacks any function in the lobster.

Date: 2022-01-01

Creator: Hannah Tess Scotch

Access: Open access

The auditory system of the Mediterranean field cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) is capable of profound compensatory plasticity. Following deafferentation due to the loss of an auditory organ, the dendrites of intermediate auditory neuron Ascending Neuron 2 (AN-2) grow across the midline and functionally connect to contralateral afferents. The loss of the auditory organ can be mimicked with reversible cold-deactivation, in which cooled Peltier elements silence the auditory organ and its afferents. Though this would presumably prevent AN-2 from firing, cooling instead induces a novel firing pattern called DOPE (delayed-onset, prolonged-excitation). In this study, intracellular physiological recordings were completed before, during, and after cooling in response to “chirp” and “pulse” sounds. Analysis was performed within and across crickets to characterize DOPE. Results revealed expected variability across individuals, as well as a wider spread of onset delay and a decrease in spike frequency and number of spikes per burst relative to baseline within individuals during cooling. Generally, subsequent warming only partially restored the neuronal responses to baseline as measured by all three parameters. This was particularly true in response to “pulse” stimuli. Future experiments will investigate if DOPE is caused by synaptic inputs or intrinsic properties of AN-2, as well as the role of inhibition in the circuit. Eventually, we hope to develop a complete model of the auditory circuit for future investigations of plasticity, with ramifications for treating human neuronal injury.